|
129-200 A.D.
|
Galen
did do a volumetric experiment on human ventilation. He had a boy breath
in and out of a bladder and found that the volume of the gas was, after
a period, unchanged. Galen did no absolute measurement of lung volumes.
|
|
1681
|
Borelli
tried to measure the volume inspired in one breath. He did this by sucking
a liquid up a cylindrical tube.
He already occluded the nostrils.
|
|
1718
|
Jurin
J. blew air into a bladder and measured the volume of air in the bladder
by the principles of Archimedes. He measured 650 ml tidal volume and maximal
expiration of 3610 ml.
|
|
1727
|
Hales
St. approves the results of Jurin, 3610 ml of maximal expiration. His method
of measurement is not known.
|
|
1749
|
Bernouilli
D. decribes a method of measuring an expired volume.
|
|
1788
|
Goodwyn
E. sucked water into a 'pneumatic vessel' which was weighted on scales.
He stated, that the vital capacity could reach as much as 4460 ml. He corrected
for temperature, but he did not use a nose-clip.
|
|
1793
|
Abernethy
tried to determine how far expired gases had been depleted of oxygen. He
collected the expired gases over mercury. Abernethy measured a vital capacity
of 3150 ml.
|
|
1796
|
Menzies
R. plunged a man into water in a hogshead up to his chin and measured the
rise and fall of the level in the cylinder round the chin. With this method
of body plethysmography he determined the tidal volume.
|
|
1799
|
Pepys W.H. jun. found the tidal volume to be 270 ml by using two mercury gasometers
and one water gasometer.
|
|
1800
|
Davy
H. measured his own vital capacity 3110 ml, his tidal volume 210 ml with
a gasometer and the residual volume 590-600 ml by a hydrogen dilution method.
|
|
1813
|
Kentish
E. used a simple 'Pulmometer' to study ventilatory volumes in disease.
An inverted bell jar standing in water, with entry at its top controlled
by a tap, and graduated in pints down the side.
|
|
1831
|
Thrackrah
C.T. describes a 'Pulmometer' similar to that of Kentish, but air enters
the glass jar from beneath. There is still no correction for pressure,
so that machine measures still not only respiratory volumes but also the
power of the expiratory muscles.
|
|
1844
|
Maddock,
A.B. publishes in the Lancet a letter to the editor about his '"Pulmometer",
which I [Maddock] have found extremly useful for acertaining the
power of the lungs under different circumstances and conditions.' ...
'The principle of the machine was first'..'suggested by the late
Mr. Abernethy'. Maddock did not mention Thrackrah or Kentish.
|
|
1845
|
Vierordt published his book 'Physiologie des Athmens mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Auscheidung der Kohlensäure'.
Even if Vierordts' main interest was the determination of the exhaled gases, he already did a very exact determination of
the volumetric parameters.
For his experiments he used an 'Expirator'.
Vierordt already decribed some parameters still use today in modern spirometry,
like f.ex. residual volume ('Rückständige Luft'), vital capacity ('vitales Atmungsvermögen'), ...
|
|
1852 (1844)
|
Hutchinson,
John publishes his paper about his water spirometer which is still used
today with little alterations only (major changes today are the addition
of graphic and timing devices, and the reduction of the mass of the bell).
Hutchinson recorded the vital capacities of over 4000 persons with his
spirometer. He classified the persons for example as 'Paupers',
'First Battalion Grenadier Guards', 'Pugilists and Wrestlers',
'Giants and Dwarfs', 'Girls', 'Gentleman', 'Deseased
cases'. He showed the linear relationship of vital capacity to height
and also showed that that vital capacity does not relate with weight at
any given height. Hutchinson had already started its work with spirometers
in 1844.
|
|
1854
|
Wintrich developped a modified spirometer, which was more simple to use than the
spirometer of Hutchinson. Wintrich did an examination of about 4000 persons with
his spirometer, thereof about 500 pathologic cases. He concluded that 3 parameters
determins the vital capacity: body heights, weight and age.
|
|
1859
|
Smith E. developped a portable spirometer and tried to mesure gas metabolism.
|
|
1866
|
Salter
added the kymograph to the spirometer to record time as well as the volume
obtained.
|
|
1868
|
Bert P. introduces the total body plethysmography. He did intense experiments with animals in a
closed plethysmographic system. He presented his studies to the 'Société de Biologie'
under the title 'Changement de pression de l'air dans un poumon pendent les deux temps de l'acte respiratoire'
['Alterations of the pulmonary air pressure during the two periods of respiration']
He did not do spirometric measurements together with the plethysmography, nor he did plethysmographic measurements
on humans.
|
|
1879
|
Gad J. publishes a paper about the 'Pneumatograph', which allows to register
additionally to the known parameters resulting from spirometric examination
also the volume changes of the thorax during inspiration and expiration.
'Wer sich experimentell mit Fragen über die Mechanik der Athmung
beschäftigt, wird bald das Bedürfniss empfinden, einen Apparat
zu besitzen, welcher gestatted, die die Athmung begleitenden Volumenänderungen
des Thorax aufzuschreiben.' Gad did an intense testing of his Pneumatograph
with a rabbit before he did his first measurements of human respiration
parameters. Additionally Gad suggest a new name for his Pneumatograph,
'Aeroplethysmograph'.
|
|
1902
|
Brodie T.G. was the first using a dry bellow wedge spirometer,
the precursor of the still today used Fleisch spirometer.
|
|
1904
|
Tissot introduces a close-circuit spirometer.
|
|
1929
|
Knipping H.W. introduces a standardisized method for spiroergometry. (Already 1883
Speck C. had developped an ergometer called the 'ergostat', 1896
Bouny E. had done studies using a first bicycle ergometer)
|
|
1959
|
Wright B.M. and McKerrow
C.B. intruduces the peak flow meter.
|
|
1969
|
DuBois A.B. and van de Woestijne K.P. presents the whole body plethysmograph on humans.
|
|
1974
|
Campbell et al presents a cheap and light developpement of a peak flow meter.
|
Vierordt published his book 'Physiologie des Athmens mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Auscheidung der Kohlensäure'.
Even if Vierordts' main interest was the determination of the exhaled gases, he already did a very exact determination of
the volumetric parameters.
For his experiments he used an 'Expirator'.
Vierordt already decribed some parameters still use today in modern spirometry,
like f.ex. residual volume ('Rückständige Luft'), vital capacity ('vitales Atmungsvermögen'), ...
Hutchinson,
John publishes his paper about his water spirometer which is still used
today with little alterations only (major changes today are the addition
of graphic and timing devices, and the reduction of the mass of the bell).
Hutchinson recorded the vital capacities of over 4000 persons with his
spirometer. He classified the persons for example as 'Paupers',
'First Battalion Grenadier Guards', 'Pugilists and Wrestlers',
'Giants and Dwarfs', 'Girls', 'Gentleman', 'Deseased
cases'. He showed the linear relationship of vital capacity to height
and also showed that that vital capacity does not relate with weight at
any given height. Hutchinson had already started its work with spirometers
in 1844.
Wintrich developped a modified spirometer, which was more simple to use than the
spirometer of Hutchinson. Wintrich did an examination of about 4000 persons with
his spirometer, thereof about 500 pathologic cases. He concluded that 3 parameters
determins the vital capacity: body heights, weight and age.
Bert P. introduces the total body plethysmography. He did intense experiments with animals in a
closed plethysmographic system. He presented his studies to the 'Société de Biologie'
under the title 'Changement de pression de l'air dans un poumon pendent les deux temps de l'acte respiratoire'
['Alterations of the pulmonary air pressure during the two periods of respiration']
He did not do spirometric measurements together with the plethysmography, nor he did plethysmographic measurements
on humans.
Gad J. publishes a paper about the 'Pneumatograph', which allows to register
additionally to the known parameters resulting from spirometric examination
also the volume changes of the thorax during inspiration and expiration.
'Wer sich experimentell mit Fragen über die Mechanik der Athmung
beschäftigt, wird bald das Bedürfniss empfinden, einen Apparat
zu besitzen, welcher gestatted, die die Athmung begleitenden Volumenänderungen
des Thorax aufzuschreiben.' Gad did an intense testing of his Pneumatograph
with a rabbit before he did his first measurements of human respiration
parameters. Additionally Gad suggest a new name for his Pneumatograph,
'Aeroplethysmograph'.